The Resistivity of Wires Essay Example for Free

The Resistivity of Wires Essay Introduction Anthony Gullan Physics Coursework An Investigation to Find the Resistivity of Wires The Experiment The experiment that was used to obtain the results was very simple. The voltage and current were measured whilst varying the length of wire. The results for voltage and current were recorded along with the diameter of the wire. This allowed for a range of other values to be calculated, including cross-sectional area and resistivity. image00. png. The Equipment A power supply A voltmeter and an Ammeter A jockey A micrometer A 1 meter ruler Wire Connecting cables What is Resistivity? The resistance of a conductor depends on three factors: The material The size of material (eg length) The temperature The equation for Resistance is: R = ? l A In this equation the constant is called resistivity, ?. This is governed by the nature of the material and is affected by temperature. Resistivity varies for different materials, but stays constant for a given material. Below is a table illustrating a few materials resistivity. The equation for resistivity therefore is: ? = RA L The units for resistivity are ? m (ohm-metres). Conductivity The opposite of resistivity is conductivity. This can be calculated by using this formula: ? = 1/? The units are ? -1m-1. Predictions I think that the results that I work out will show these patterns: As the length increases the resistance will also increase – there is more wire resulting in more energy needed for the same results As the Cross-Sectional Area increases the resistance will decrease – the wire is ‘wider’ resulting in more electrons being able to flow at any one timeThis graph is a straight diagonal line. This shows that Resistance and Length are directly proportional. In other words if one value increases by a certain amount then the other value will increase by a proportional amount. Although in this experiment there are a few anomalies, caused either by technical problems or through human error, this graph shows a strong picture of the relationship between length and resistance of a wire. Resistance against Area and 1/Area Resistance (? ) o start with I will analyse Resistance against 1/Area. This graph shows that the cross-sectional area and the resistance of a wire are inversely proportional. At first the shape of the graph suggests that the two values are directly proportional. However, as the area is displayed as 1/area this makes it inversely proportional. This is because the equation for something that is inversely proportional is: A ? 1/B, or in this case Resistance ? 1/Area read more. Conclusion From the data I have made three observations: The length of the wire has a proportional effect on the resistance of the wire The cross-sectional are is inversely proportional to the resistance of the wire The length of the wire divided by the area of the wire and the resistance of a wire are proportional. Having plotted a graph of these values the resistivity of the wire can be found out by calculating the gradient of the line. These observations can also be written as: R ? L R ? 1/A ? = RA/L Evaluation I think that the results that were obtained were good. There were a few anomalies in the graph, however these did not seem to affect the calculations too much. The graphs that I could produce with the data showed how each aspect was related to the others. The experiment used to calculate the results could have been better. For example, more readings could have been taken – i. e. every 5cm. However with the data I was given it was possible to show the relations between resistance, length, cross-sectional area and resistivity. read more. This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section. Found what youre looking for? Start learning 29% faster today 150,000+ documents available Just ? 6. 99 a month Get Full Access Now or Learn more Not the one?

The Motivation Of The Journey Themes

The Motivation Of The Journey Themes In literature the theme of a journey is a common one but the motivation for the journey changes considerably. The goal of each journey was directly influenced by the values of the specific time period and location in which the pieces were written. These pieces include The Odyssey by Homer, The Inferno by Dante, Candide by Voltaire, and A Study in Scarlet by Arthur Conan Doyle. Each of these works of literature have their own concept of a journey but are similar in that they all share a driving force to complete their own specific quests. In The Odyssey by Homer we see two journeys. The main journey is Odysseuss journey home, back to his civilization. We also see Telemachus journey to find his fathers whereabouts. In Odysseuss journey we see many obstacles that get in his way including gods which was a big part of Greek culture. Greek gods are considered to be human-like because of their inability to be perfect and because of this the gods are not always well respected by the humans. One of the gods who tried to prevent him from completing his journey was Poseidon. Poseidon sought revenge on Odysseus because Odysseus had blinded the Cyclopes which were one of Poseidons sons. In return Poseidon shipwrecks Odysseus and he ends up on Phaeacia. Odysseus will do what is necessary to get back to his polis. The ultimate goal for a Greek is to achieve fame and glory through his polis. I would have had my rites and the Achaians given me glory. Now it is by a dismal death that I must be taken (Homer, 306-312). If this fame and glory is not achieved they believed that life was a waste. The city in which he ruled was called Ithaca. The polis in which he ruled in Ithaca believed that Odysseus was dead because he had not returned home in such a long time. The only true believers were his wife Penelope and son Telemachus. Telemachus saw that the suitors were disloyal to his father Odysseus by eating all his food and trying to take his mother as a wife and because of this he went on his own journey to find someone who had visual evidence of his death. On this journey he found no such evidence of death but he was starting to lose hope of his fathers return. We see that both Odysseus and Telemachus believe that civilization is the motiva ting force for their journeys. In Telemachus case, he wants to bring back the truth to his polis about Odysseus. In Odysseus case, he wants to return to his polis for fame and glory which is the greatest achievement possible. In The Inferno by Dante we see a completely different journey. Instead of a journey for fame and glory through your polis we see a journey through hell to prove there is one God. Dante was born in Florence, Italy in 1265 in the Medieval era where Christianity was the dominate religion in that location at the time. In Christianity there is the idea of heaven and hell. In Christianity when you die you are judged based on your life by God and you are either sent to heaven where the good people go or hell where the bad people go. In this book Dante is allowed by God to enter hell alive to write about what he sees and who he meets. During this journey he is accompanied by Virgil who is his guide through hell because hell is where he resides. His journey is also stopped by obstacles, but since it was willed by God to make this journey no obstacle could stop him for long. Once the people in hell knew they were protected by God they would tell Dante anything he wanted to know. When Dante journey lead him to the wall of the city of Dis; he was stopped by demons that would not let him pass. The abyss of the rest of hell was behind this gate and he needed to get passed. An angel from heaven was sent to open the gate for Dante and Virgil. The demons could not reject anything from heaven because they feared heaven. Through me the way into the suffering city, through me the way to the eternal pain, through me the way that runs among the lost. Justice urged on my high artificer; my maker was divine authority, the highest wisdom, and the primal love. Before me nothing but eternal things abandon every hope, who enter hereà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(Dante, 1-11). This journey was meant to show that there is one God that is very powerful even am ongst the most evil and even Satan himself. Dante on his journey saw symbolic retribution which is when the punishment fits the crime and this was used to show that the sins committed on earth is the same sin you will commit in hell for all eternity. Hell is separated into 9 different circles with 1 being the best circle and 9 being the worst circle in terms of the punishment. Depending on the sin the person committed; they would be sent to that corresponding circle. For example, if you are a priest and you commit a sin such as you trade the grace and favor of the church for money you would be sent to the 3rd bolge in the 8th circle and you would be known a simonist. Their punishment is a reverse baptism where they are hung upside down in holes and are baptized in fire not in water. This is also an example of symbolic retribution. In Dantes journey we see a difference in motivation between the Odysseys journeys in that, a strive for fame and glory is not seen and polis is not even mentioned. His journey was used to communicate a fear for one God and also show the consequences of the wrong doings on earth. According to Dante, the worst sins you commit on earth you will pay for in hell. In the next piece of literature, Candide by Voltaire, we follow the main character Candide on a long journey for the girl that he loves Cunà ©gonde. He is banished from his home for kissing Cunà ©gonde who is of a higher social ranking then himself. Because of his banishment he embarks on a long journey of hardship. He remembers Dr. Pangloss teachings as a kid a uses his philosophy throughout his journey. Dr. Pangloss always would tell him that they live in the best world and everything in this world is for the best. After a couple of years with the army he escapes to Lisbon because he was ill-treated. In Lisbon he finds his lost love Cunà ©gonde with two men who want her. Candide kills the two men and he now escapes on a journey with Cunà ©gonde. But this journey with Cunà ©gonde did not last long because he was wanted for the killings of the two men. Candide had to flee and he told Cunà ©gonde to stay in Buenos Aires until his return. Candide and his servant Cacambo come across the lost city of gold known as El Dorado. Here they find kids playing with an abundance of gold as if gold was meaningless to them. In El Dorado there was so much gold that they played with it instead of cherishing it. El Dorado represents the conclusion of a perfect journey but for Candide this wasnt the case. This was not perfect because Cunà ©gonde was not with him and he never forgot about his promise that he would come back for her. So he took a large quantity of gold and went back to look for her. Since Candide cannot return because he is wanted; he instructs his servant Cacambo to go get Cunà ©gonde and bring her to Venice Italy where they could reunite. Candide arrives to Venice late and he has to search for Cacambo who was nowhere to be found. Eventually he finds Cacambo and again they embark on another journey to Turkey because that is supposedly where Cunà ©gonde now stays. Sure enough there long journey comes to an end when they meet in Turkey. Candide lost his love for Cunà ©gonde because she became ugly and fat but he still married her because of her social status. They end up buying a small farm that they must tend to regularly. Candide journey was all for nothing. In his journey he had the opportunity to stay in the perfect world of El Dorado where there was plenty of food an riches but instead he decided to pursue Cunà ©gonde. Cunà ©gonde was once the perfection in his life but by the end she became imperfect. His journey has put him through many obstacles but in the end he was happy with the farm although he must work for food and his wife is not what he wanted. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦for if you had not been kicked out of a magnificent castle for love of Miss Cunà ©gonde: if you had not been put into the Inquisition: if you had not walked over America: if you had not stabbà ©d the Baron: if you had not lost all your sheep from the fine country of El Dorado: you would not be here eating preserved citrons and pistachio-nuts. All that is very well, answered Candide, but let us cultivate our garden. (Voltaire, 30.29-31). In the end, his journey was to find the perfect place where Candide was satisfied with his life and he eventually did this at the end of his long journey for Cunà ©gonde. In the last piece of literature, A Study in Scarlet by Arthur Conan Doyle, two journeys also take place; the journey of why the crime was committed and the journey to find the criminal. One of the main characters is Sherlock Holmes who is a private detective not affiliated with the authorities helps people find the truth about a particular situation that is considered unsolvable. Sherlock Holmes uses the reality of the situation as well as common sense to solve the issues he is presented with. The first journey of why the crime was committed starts off when John Ferrier and young Lucy are rescued by Brigham Young and the Mormons. The Mormons agreed to take them if they converted to the Mormon religion which meant they had to follow the Mormons rules. John Ferrier and young Lucy had to agree to this or they would die in the desert. As time went on they settled with the Mormons and followed their traditions of their religion but they were still Christian at heart. According to Mormon law young Lucy who is John Ferriers adopted daughter must marry a Mormon boy but Lucy loved another boy named Jefferson Hope who is a hunter but is not Mormon. John Ferrier was forced to make a choice or flee away from the Mormon settlement. With the help of Lucys love Jefferson Hope they try to run away from the Mormons. They eventually get caught and John Ferrier gets murdered, Lucy gets seized, and Jefferson Hope was not there to witness this so he gets spared. Therefore, Jefferson Hope, seeking revenge, finds out the names and whereabouts of the Mormons who killed John and Lucy. He finds out that Drebber and Stangerson are the ones responsible for this so he goes on a journey hunting for them. Jefferson Hope eventually finds both of them and kills them. Jefferson Hope killed Drebber by poison and Stangerson by stabbing him to death. It became a coincidence that Sherlock Holmes was put on this case to find the killer. Eventually with the cunningness of Sherlock Holmes, Jefferson Hope gets caught for his wrong doings and he confesses everything and why he killed them. These journeys of killing for revenge and finding the killer worked hand in hand perfectly because both show a journey of truth. Ive done my work now, and I dont care how soon I go, but I should like to leave some account of the business behind me. I dont want to be remembered as a common cut-throat. (Doyle, 77). We first begin with Sherlock Holmes doing his usual investigation and we as the reader wants the killer to be caught. After we see the killers journey unfold, we feel sympathetic towards the killer because we know what he has been through. After we see his journey we are lead back to the capturing of the killer and the reader is left to wonder if killing was the correct route to take. To conclude, the motivation for journeys between these four pieces of literature change throughout the time periods. In The Odyssey by Homer the motivation for the journey during Greek times was to achieve fame and glory through their polis. This is proven by Odysseus overcoming obstacles throughout the epic. In The Inferno by Dante the motivation for his journey during the Medieval period was to show that there is one God that is very powerful and God should be feared because of symbolic retribution as well as loved because he makes the ultimate decision after death. In Candide by Voltaire the motivation of the journey in the Era of Enlightenment was to find the perfect place where you could be satisfied with life even if hard work and a long journey are involved. Lastly, in A Study in Scarlet by Arthur Conan Doyle the motivation of the journey for the Age of Empiricism is to find your own truth but there are always consequences in truth.

Great Expectations Book Review

Great Expectations Book Review Great Expectations by Charles Dickens, first published in 1860, is a classic fictional novel. The novel doesnt really have a genre, possibly a drama or adventure, but its more like just his story so Id say just a normal fictional novel. The story is set in 1812 to 1840 in an English town surrounded by marshes, Pip lived outside the town, once receiving his fortune he moved to London though. The novel tells of Pip, a young orphan, and his story, his life. Pip was raised by his sister, only known as Mrs. Joe, and her husband Joe. In the beginning of the novel Pip is in a graveyard, where his parents are buried, and he is approached by a shady looking man, who is in fact an escaped convict, the convict asks Pip to bring him some tools so he can escape and Pip does this. This becomes very important in the novel. One day Pips uncle takes him to play at a rich, weird old ladys house, Miss Havisham, here Pip meets Estella, who he falls in love with, though Estella only toys with Pips feelings and doesnt like him at all. Pip then becomes Joes apprentice blacksmith, but Pip struggles as a blacksmith and isnt very happy. Then one day a lawyer called Jaggers appears and announces to Pip that he has been left a large fortune and needs to move to London immediately. Pip moves to London, meets many new people and has some fun. Then one night a convict breaks into Pips room, the same convict that Pip helped when he was just a little boy, and the convict, Magwitch reveals that he made a fortune in Australia and he gave Pip his mysterious fortune. Pip is shocked but decides that he will help Magwitch escape from London, and so they escape. Pip begins to like Magwitch as they get to know each other and Pip discovers many things about his past. As Pip is about to help Magwitch escape London Pip is nearly killed, Magwitch eventually does escape and kills somebody, he is sentenced to death and hence Pip loses his fortune. Pip then goes and works abroad as a merchant, many years later he returns home and meets his childhood love, Estella, they get together, with Pip believing they will be together forever. Two main characters of Great Expectations are Pip and Estella. Pip is the main character is the novel, he is also the narrator. In the beginning of the novel Pip is a young child but as the book goes on he ages and is an adult by the end. Pip is a good boy, he always tries to do what is right, and is quite sympathetic, e.g. helping Magwitch, always caring for Mr. Mrs. Joe. Pip is always looking to improve himself, whether it is learning to read and write as a boy, or learning to become a gentleman. He is of the lower classes, until he receives his fortune, and he desires to become an upper class, largely so he can impress the girl he admires, Estella. Estella is an important character in the novel. As a girl she had been raised by Miss Havisham to be cruel and heartless towards men. When she meets Pip she acts cruel and heartlessly, toying with his emotions. Though Pip still loves her, maybe he saw something inside her, or he just longed to be in the upper class. She then married an upper class man, who treated her badly, this would have changed her, gotten rid of her coldness and cruelty. So when Pip returns she is kind, and they get together. The themes in this novel include social class, aspiration, wealth and crime. I think that Charles Dickens in this novel was trying to say that social class doesnt matter, and that desire to become better and change should be congratulated. The novel is set in first person, with the narrator, Pip, also being the main character. The language used is pretty weird, with some old English sort of stuff in there. Once you get used to the language its pretty good and not that hard to follow. Overall, I thought this novel was pretty good, for an old book. The language used was a bit hard to get at times, and sometimes the story was a bit slow, but overall I thought it had a good story and I liked it. Estella was an interesting character I thought, normally the girls are loving and the guy isnt really interested or too busy doing other stuff, but this time Pip loved her and she was totally uninterested and cold. And the twist with Magwitch having supplied Pips fortune I thought was good as well. 7/10 on the scale of goodness.

The Nature of a Crazy Family in Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying :: Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying

The Nature of a Crazy Family in Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying "My mother is a fish." (p. 79) I think that this statement typifies the entire family. There is something not-quite-right about all of them. Vardeman, as Cora Tull says on page 70, is "outen his head with grief and worry" for his mother. He has confused her with the fish because they both died on the same day. In his child's mind he cannot differentiate between the two. Throughout the novel he refers to his mother as a fish, as on page 196. In this scene, he is looking at the vultures that have gathered over the wagon. Darl and Cash are trying to get Cash's broken leg situated better for the rest of the ride. Vardeman thinks that his "mother is not in the box. My mother does not smell like that. My mother is a fish." Darl is slowly going crazy. He is referred to as being "queer, lazy, pottering about the place no better than Anse" on page 24. However, his true madness is not shown until his monologue at the end of the novel after he has been arrested for burning the barn. Cash believes he did so to try to rid them of Addie's body, but Darl never reveals his motivations. In his final section he seems to be looking in on himself. He refers to his body as Darl, and he asks himself "'What are you laughing at?'" All the answer he gets is "'Yes yes yes yes yes'" (253). Dewey Dell is obsessed with sex and her unwanted pregnancy. Every man that looks at her she looks at with "her eyes kind of blaring up and going hard like [they] had made to touch her" as she does with Tull on page 124. Even in trying to get rid of the fetus, however, she is confronted with sex. She is none the wiser to the wiles of the ‘doctor’ until afterwards when she says, â€Å"’It won’t work [ . . . ] I just know it won’t’† (252). Jewel has some less-than-healthy fascination with his horse. While he frequently beats it about the head, he still refers to it as a â€Å"’sweet son of a bitch’† (13). He was willing to work all night every night for weeks in order to buy the horse, and he disappears for a while when Anse barters it for the new team.

Essay --

CFO Scott Sullivan was in charge of corporate accounting at WorldCom. Reporting to Sullivan was Cynthia Cooper, Vice President of Internal Audit, and David Myers, Controller. Buford Yates, Jr., Director of General Accounting, reported to Myers. Reporting to Yates was Troy Normand, Betty Vinson and Mark Abide. The accounting fraud perpetuated at WorldCom by multiple executives centers around fraudulently reporting line cost expenses. The 2002 indictment, United States of America v. Scott D. Sullivan and Buford Yates Jr., appropriately summarizes the fraudulently reported line costs expenses: From in or about October 2000 through or about June 2002, Scott D. Sullivan and Buford Yates, Jr., the defendants, and their co-conspirators, engaged in an illegal scheme to inflate artificially WorldCom’s publicly reported earnings by falsely and fraudulently reducing reported line cost expenses. To effect this illegal scheme . . . made entries in WorldCom’s general ledger, crediting line costs and debiting, among other accounts, various reserve and capital accounts. AS Sullivan, Yates, and their co-conspirators knew, there was no justification in fact, or under Generally Accepted Accounting Principle (â€Å"GAAP†), for theses entries. (United States of America V. Scott D. Sullivan and Buford Yates, Jr. 2002, 7) As a result, WorldCom was able to raise cash flows and profits over this time period. These accounting practices enabled WorldCom to â€Å"disguise the firm’s actual nets losses because capital expenditures can be deducted over a longer period of time, whereas expenses must be subtracted from revenue immediately† (Ferrell 1) Unethical Decision Makers Scott Sullivan and Buford Yates were not the only executives or employe... ...uired if Emigh knew who had informed Sue Dean of the new policy. Again, being true to his character, Emigh was upfront and told Smith that he, in fact was the one who had gone to Sue Dean. The following day, Emigh was informed by his immediate supervisor that he had committed an infraction by not following orders and carrying out the new policy. A senior vice president had ordered that Emigh be formally reprimanded and punished (Reaves 6). Emigh knew it was going to be bad but explained to his wife that he had a responsibility to the share holders as well to himself. Ten weeks later, Kim Emigh was fired. In March 2002, Cynthia Cooper was informed of the fact that $400 million had been moved from WorldCom’s reserve account resulting in a falsely stated income statement. Cooper went to the external auditor, Arthur Anderson, who told her that it was not a problem.

Comparing Two Charity Advertisements Essay

In this essay I will be comparing the advertising leaflet for Christian Aid with the leaflet produced by The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA). This essay will be analysing how the different charities try to persuade us, the audience to change our views, make the people want to do something to help them and the difficulties these charities face. I will be examining and commenting on the effectiveness of these adverts. The RSPCA are a charity organization set up to help animals in Britain and Christian Aid helps out people and children Worldwide. We need these charities because they help people in need and they also support communities. We need charities to help people who cannot support themselves because everyone deserves to have a life of their own which they can enjoy. We give to charities for many reasons, but the main reason we give to charities is because we feel guilty. We feel guilty because we are so well off and we take our houses, Television and having food and water for granted. However, people in third world countries can not even afford to have a roof above their head and in some extreme cases of poverty they can not afford food and clean water. Some people give for compassion. This is when they sympathise with these people and animals and they feel sorry for them so they give money because they want to help them. However, some people give because of their religious belief. Muslims give to charities because of Zakat, one of the pillars of Islam. It reminds Muslims of the fact that whatever wealth they may possess is due to the blessings of Allah and it should be spent according to the His commands. Some people give to charity because they believe it is their moral duty to give to charity. In addition some people give to charities because they want people to think they are generous and they want to be recognized as that and get praise for it. There are hundreds of different charities which help out in different ways. These different charities include charities that support animal rights, environmental agencies and pressure groups, humanitarian charities, medical charities and child protection. The spectrum of human emotion can be manipulated visually and imaginatively. Pictures can be formed mentally from descriptive words or even statistics. Charities use this to their advantage, this works extremely well. It is their greatest technique for persuasion. Charities constantly need to advertise due to competition. There are hundreds of charities which help different causes and this is why there are so many different charities to give to which shows there is so much competition. On top of this there is the National Lottery. Since the national lottery there has been a decrease in the number of people giving to charity. The National Lottery is a huge profit making organisation and out of this they profit they do give to charity. However they only give a small proportion of their money to charity and recently there has been some controversy on which charities they give to. Most charities also do not get government funding which means they rely on the public to donate money to keep their charity running. Charities advertise in various ways. These include the broadcast media which could be television or Radio, Print Media which consists of billboards, posters, newspaper (tabloids and broadsheets) and magazines; we can also include advertising on the internet. Advertising is very important in our culture and is always around us. Everything is advertised varying from houses to the clothes we wear and films we watch. Advertisements are a way to persuade people to do what you want them to do, whether it is to donate to tour charity or to buy your product. Advertisements have been around for centuries, one of the first advertisements was in a newspaper in 1704. This shows how long they have been around and how long people have had to learn how to manipulate them to their advantage. Charities mainly use the print media option because it cheaper than television and radio advertisement. Also print media is more easily accessible to everybody unlike radio and television. This may also be advantageous because instead of having to write out a cheque the print media will probably have a tear off slip which can be more convenient to send off. This has been used in the RSPCA leaflet. Charities target people who are financially stable and socially and globally aware of the problems people face in the world. This is because these sorts of people are more likely to give because they are likely to feel guiltier than others and if they know about global issues then are also likely to empathise with these people. Charities can target their audience by advertising in certain newspapers such as broadsheets for example ‘The Guardian’ or’ The Telegraph.’ The type of people who read these sort of papers are more likely to give than people who read ‘The Sun’ or ‘The Daily Sport’ because they are probably more likely to be globally aware and they are probably better educated, so they have better jobs and would therefore would have a more disposable income to give to charities. The main purpose of the RSPCA is to prevent cruelty to animals. We know this because it says ‘The aims of the RSPCA are to prevent cruelty and promote kindness to animals.’ The main purpose of Christian Aid is to help people, regardless of their race or religion, to tackle the causes of poverty and injustice. We know because the information inside the leaflet shows us that they are trying to help people like ‘Valliamma and Shashore have a life before Death.’ From the name ‘Christian’ Aid people tend to believe that this charity only helps people who are Christian but this is not true, this name was made centuries back when this was not a multi-cultural society, as it is today, but it had to the name because they were to well known to change it. The Christian Aid leaflet uses an image of a canned drink on the front cover. This is a red colour, with the title ‘Fresh Air’. The words ‘Fresh air’ are very strong as their slogan and also very emotive, as it makes us think of those people in undeveloped countries, who do not have anything but air. This image of a can is very effective because it reminds people of ‘Coca Cola’ and western culture and capitalism. It shows how our culture has dominated the world, and how unfortunate some people are. The colour red is very effective because it has negative connotations of blood and death which reminds us of what is happening out in the world and makes us want to donate money. On the back of the can there is a box titled ‘Nutritional Information’ which is written in a large font to show that is the title, then the writing inside is a smaller font size. When we first open the poster our eyes are immediately led to the picture on the lef t. This is because we read from left to right so the left hand side is the primary optical area for us. The writing above the picture is in bold and in red. This is more eye-catching and we are more likely to read this before we read any of the other text because the bright red and the dominance in the size of text will probably strike our attention before the other text would. There is a caption below the picture which is in a smaller font than the one which is used for the rest of the writing. This has been deliberately made small because this information is not as important as the other text. On the right hand side, there is another photo and below it there is a caption and in an even smaller font than this there are the Christian Aid contact details. This has been put at the bottom of the page because it is the last thing that has been out on the page so it memorable. The biggest writing on this page is at the top of the page on the right. This is used to make sure that everyone reads this, even if they do not read the other text because this is the most important text. It also is the centre page of the three flaps, so it is also been put there as a big centre point. The right hand flap can then be pulled open to show more writing in the middle and on the right there are two small pictures surrounded by writing. The writing is broken into paragraphs so it seems easier to digest instead having big chunks of text which some people may find off putting. The text is split in the middle with alternating bold red text then normal text. On the right hand side each paragraph starts off in bold with the words ‘Just à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½24’ or ‘à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½36’. This is used to emphasise the amount of money, which for us is not a lot but for people in Africa is enough to build a life on. At the bottom again we have big, red, bold text, to stand out against the rest of the text as it is asking us to give us money and the CA do not want us to miss this. At the bottom we have the Christian Aid logo and below the slogan ‘We Believe in Life before Death’. This has been put here because this is the terminal optical area as it is the last thing we read on the right-hand side when we read from left to right so we will remember this. The RSPCA leaflet shows a cat on the cover, sitting on a doorstep and staring at us. This scene seems absolutely normal. The heading is in a bold white font which gives positive connotations as it makes us think of peace. At the bottom of the page on the right, we have the RSPCA logo in the terminal optical area which is effective because it makes it more identifiable and memorable. Then if we lift out the flap underneath, we see an image of what seems to be a normal house. There is a cat sitting on top of the sofa. The title on the top is written in a big black bold colour. This black colour gives negative connotations compared to the white heading on the first image because it is shows darkness. Below there is white writing which is smaller but is still in bold. It is now that we see the next picture which instantly gives very negative connotations from just looking at it. There are faeces on the floor, it looks like a very neglected area and there are tins of cat food as well. Using black and white to contrast between negative and positive features is a very clever way to easily give the effect you want. The RSPCA advert has very little text compared to the CA advert and big pictures. They have also printed their advert in black and white whereas on the other hand the CA advert has been printed in colour. This was probably printed in black and white because it is cheaper so more leaflets can be printed within their budget, informing more people of their charity. Nowadays, charities are using more and more shocking images in their adverts in order to make the audience empathise and feel sorry for these people. For example, a recent Barnardos advert showed a baby with a cockroach and a syringe in its mouth and this was banned because it was thought to be too shocking for the British public. This however is very effective, and if people were to believe that this kind of thing was happening then they would be more likely to give. However, this could have been made very shocking purposefully, to grab attention and to get publicity. When we first see the RSPCA advert we are confronted by a rhetorical question asking us whether this cat is happily watching the world go by. This makes us start to think whether something is going on and leads us to read on to see if there is anything going on. Then, when we open up the leaflet this question is answered, but in the form of another rhetorical question and in the background there is an image of a room. Then below this tile is writing. This writing is telling us what actually happened in this room. It talks about the cat ‘Boots’ being ‘soiled with faeces’. They have used the name ‘Boots’ to make it seem more personal to us. The ‘faeces’ could have been replaced with ‘excretion’ or ‘pooh’ but ‘faeces’ is used to make it sound more technical and scientific. This helps to make it more shocking and give the text more of an impact. Short sentence structure is used to make the reader remember, short sentences are also more effective than long sentences, which helps the reader remember what is said. Then on the back we have a zoom in on what has happened. It has information of an advice line and national cruelty helpline places next to a phone. At the end the text ‘This was just one’ is placed in the terminal optical area which makes the sentence stay in the persons mind. Moving back to the middle section there is a photograph of three kittens staring at us. It seems as if they are asking for help when they look at us. This is called the ‘look to camera’ technique. The title uses an opinion which is made to look like a fact when it is not necessarily true that ‘Boots ahs found a loving new family’. Below the picture there is a black box which is used to draw our attention. The writing inside this box uses triadic structure and repetition of ‘à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3 a month’ in bold then what this can do to help being listed three times. At the end it says ‘Please help.’ This is a polite request. This is used because it is harder to decline a polite request than it is a normal request. Again in the last section we have the cat using the look to camera technique which seems as if the cat is asking us ‘Please be my friend?’ The title uses emotional blackmail when it says â€Å"I’ll be a friend for life to defenceless animals suffering from cruelty.† This is effective because it makes us want to be their friend, and protect them from cruelty. This advert uses many examples of rhetorical questions, because they are thought evoking and make us want to read on, until we reach the end, where we meet the sponsor form. ‘Dying for a drink? Imagine if this was all you had to drink today.’ This opening question is a rhetorical question and has alliteration. It persuades you to imagine, a natural reaction is to do so. It gives a vibrant picture and feeling, making you sympathize with these people. There is a lot of detail given in the first sentence, which is a very good way to draw in the reader to move forth into the leaflet. On the back of the can there is a box titled ‘Nutritional Information’. Inside this box are facts. These facts are shocking but interesting and lead us to read on inside the leaflet. This is the purpose of the front cover of the Christian aid’s leaflet. As we open the leaflet at the top we are given the title ‘How one well helped save a community from extinction’. The word extinction seems very powerful and this title amazes us to know that ‘just’ one well could make such a difference. Below the picture we see more facts about how they helped so many other people in Mali by building ‘500 concrete wells’. The first paragraph tells us what is happening in Mali and the problems. In the second paragraph we are told about what they did about it. The chief of tonsogou, Abdoulaye Togo, is described as ‘dynamic’ and ‘determined’. This is used to make people think that he is a good person and that we should send money to help him. Also, using the persons name makes it seem more personal. The third paragraph tells us the effects of them helping this village. The word ‘flourished’ is used because it gives off very positive connotations. There is a quote from one of the villagers saying that now they have more time to spin cotton. This is also very positive because it shows now that they have clean water and they can work, and sell their products so they will get more money. The next flap uses a quote right at the beginning. This quote is very emotive and moving, and makes us think again, of the image we thought of from the first rhetorical question. This gets us thinking again and we empathize with these people. This next paragraph uses the word ‘Imagine’ at the beginning of each sentence. This is used to involve us and to again make us empathize with these people. It uses statistics such as ‘1.1 billion people’ and ‘one- sixth of the worlds population’ to shock us. The flap is then opened up and we see the centre page which is carried on talking about people like Yalaya and how they have helped the village become more ‘self-sufficient’. This makes us realize that by us helping them, we are helping them help themselves. The next part talks about how after building the well ‘the people of tinsogou got together with 14 other villages and between them built their own health centre’. This is very impressive to us and it makes us think that it is worth helping these people because they can help other people by making a health centre. It also says that they have made a school. This is good because then the future generations can be educated and may not have to struggle in life as that village once did. The next paragraph consists of the quote ‘†When we realized what we could achieve we didn’t want to stop at the well. We wanted to go on and make other things happen for the village.†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ This quote shows that CA is a charity that is very determined to help people out in every way they can. The rest of the flap says that so much was achieved by just one gift of water, and that today we can be part of these achievements by donating. This makes us want to be part of these achievements and helping other people out. It says ‘the battle against poverty’. This is a very powerful, effective sentence, full of strong words such as ‘battle’, and ‘poverty’ to persuade us to give money, so that we do win the ‘battle against poverty’. It also talks about this being a difference we can make and it says please do. This is a polite request because it asks us nicely but in a way it is also telling us to do it. The last flap informs us that ‘Just à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½24’ buys eight bags of cement, to help a ‘community like Valiamma’s in Sri Lanka’. It makes it very personal now when it almost introduces her by saying she has seven children and that she ‘only’ earns twenty pence a day selling rice flour. It is very emotive because she uses twenty pence to feed seven children and herself and we spend twenty pounds going out to a restaurant, eating what we want. The use of the word just is also very effective because for in a commercialized, developed country like ours twenty four pounds is not a lot of money. The same thing is repeated in the next paragraph but this time it is thirty six pounds for Shashore in Ethiopia to give money so that she can grow her own trees, because the food that she grows only lasts for five months. This also makes us think how lucky we are that we can have as much food as we like, and more whenever like as we are constantly surrounded by shops and restaurants. The last paragraph asks us to help ‘Valliamma and Sahashore have a life before death.’ This is a clever way to use their slogan ‘A life before death’. This slogan is very effective because religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism, believe in re-incarnation and even Christianity believes in heaven and hell which is life after death, but CA wants people to have a life before they die. Both adverts are very effective. However, I believe that the RSPCA leaflet is more effective because they have used more persuasive devices and emotive language where as the Christian Aid leaflet mainly states facts and when it uses persuasive devices it is very blatant so it is not as effective. An example of this from Christian Aid is ‘Please give whatever you can today and help more people like Valliamma and Shashore have a life before death.’ The images used in the RSPCA advert is very emotive when it has the animal looking at you, especially in the last image, because it seems as if the cat is asking for help. I believe that the RSPCA would get more support from the public because of the fact that Britain is well known for caring about animals. For example we only have a National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children but we have a Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Therefore I believe that more people would give to the RSPCA than to Christian Aid.

Recrystallization of Benzoic Acid

The objective of this audition was to engross in multi-step purification of benzoic sulphurous afterwardwardwardwards carry throughing the extraction from a multifariousness containing benzoic pane of glass, cellulose, and methyl o locate. Re quartzlization was d one(a) to tally impurities from the model. The amount of BA recovered during rewatch glasslization is a lot less than the extracted amount of BA. The difference amongst the fine and technical grade auditions was observed by comparison of resolve head words. It was found that soiled manoeuvre ins ordain live with a discredit and wider melt down maneuver cheat.The try out per organise was eventful because it provides primary(prenominal) knowledge slightly the chemical substance nature and reactivitys of conf utilise compounds that asshole be apply in e rattlingday life. Int retinal magnetic poleuction Now that the want compound is extracted, it still contains impurities. These impuritie s rear end be removed through a operation called re crystallizinglization. Recrystallization is a order for make cleaning fast compounds which ar frequently the p gatucts of constituent(a) receptions. This possible action is based on three important concepts. The first is that a compound is of all time more soluble in acerb firmnesss than in cold results.Secondly, molecules fall in curious solubility properties. Lastly, a growing crystal willing only accept standardized entities into its latt scrap. This is related to the crystal latt scratch speculation which states crystal formation is anti-entropic based on the equation ? G =? H-T? S. There argon three stages of solubility collision, disassociation, and solvation. In suppose to raise the probability of collision between the solute and resultant, heat is giveed to the system. When this occurs, the solute will attack the gauze-like structure of the solute and start dissociation. As dissociation continues until all the molecules be free, solvation occurs.Choosing the right solvent is important when considering recrystallization. The solute moldiness(prenominal)(prenominal) cast off a lofty temperature coefficient in the solvent it must be soluble at high temperatures and non- peeing-soluble at low temperatures, square the first principle stated above. withal the boiling maculation of the solvent must be lower than the resolve distributor read of the solute. This will ensure that the solute fade outs in the solvent and does non melt. The solvent must in hyperkinetic syndromeition be inert to prevent chemical interactions with the solute. Impurities must either be quickly splitd in the solvent or be insoluble.The solvent must withal be volatile, and finally, it would be beneficial to the experimenter if the solvent is relatively inexpensive. Once the color and well-nigh impurities are removed, the crystals can be formed in the final result through a process called nuclea tion. Nucleation can be bring on by easy modify the rootage to room temperature. It is important to do this fallly so that minor solute resembling impurities do non enter the crystal latt wish-wash, as set forth by the third principle of recrystallization. Chemists practically add already clarified crystals of the solute to the ascendent in order to provide a pre-formed lattice for other molecules to enter.This is called authoring. Scratching the drinking sparkler container in which the radical is contained with a nut case stir gat will in like manner belt along nucleation on microscopic glass particles. The concept of fray is similar to that of generatoring. Finally, nucleation can be induced by cooling the etymon farther in an ice bath however, this is only a extreme resort option cod to its to the lowest degree efficiency to bring forth crystals. The crystallised solute can thusly be peaceful by vacuum filtration. There is a difference observed in the visible properties of the pristine compound and the bastardized mixture. one(a) of the tests of purity is liquescent blot.Melting eyeshade is an intrinsic, or intensive, property the harbor is independent of the amount of the substance. Melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes physical state from truehearted to liquid. Because the substance will suck in a certain shape and surface sphere exposure, there will be a time interval in which the warming occurs. Thus, it is more accu calculate to refer to this as melting digress. Melting range encompasses the temperature at which the first particles can be seen bit from solid to liquid until all the assay is in the liquid state. Purer samples bring in picayune melting ranges.Perfectly pure compounds will have ranges of only 1-2C. Impurities lower melting point below literature values and alike widen the range between which melting occurs. New techniques and equipment use were apply during two part s of the purification process. Activated brown coal was use to adsorb impure modify products. Gravity filtration was use to remove insoluble products which were impurities. Fluted diffuse paper was used to transport more of the impurities. A heating curtain was introduced during recrystallization. It is a heat source used for solutions. For ascertain the melting point of benzoic cutting, a Mel-Temp apparatus was use.It is used for find when a small amount of a solid begins to melt and when the melting ends plot of ground recording the temperatures, respectively. Experimental Recrystallization research laboratory Initially, similarlyk a small amount of impure BA to the side for following weeks science laboratory. The impure BA crystals were weighed, using an analytic balance, and then placed in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flaskfulful. 200 mL of wet was poached (with boiling stones) in a 250 mL round bottom flask using a heating mantel. The boiled wet was added slowly to th e benzoic social disease crystals. Only enough piss was added to release the BA crystals.For the rest of the lab the Erlenmeyer flask was kept on a locomote bath. Charcoal was added to the BA solution and then gravity deformed using a displace shape with fluted filter paper. The filt point was collected in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask. If color in the BA solution still remained then fusain should be added a gather in. The BA solution was removed from the steam bath and cooled, sort of on a window sill. If crystals did non form trance cooling on window sill, use another rule to induce nucleation to the start the formation of crystals. The crystals were collects by vacuum filtration and placed on a pick up glass to change.Melting institutionalise of benzoic panelingulent A melting point tube was loaded with BA crystals by inverting the tube into the BA crystals on the watch glass. The tube was packed by falling through a move shape. The Mel-Temp apparatus was used to de termine the melting point range. A fast melting range experiment was done first and then a slow melting range experiment was carried out to get a bring out range. Results Recrystallization lab Observations Not some(prenominal) charcoal was used to adsorb the colored molecules The BA crystals were small, shiny, flaky, and white. Almost comparable to texture of dandruff. data Mass of extracted benzoic bum breaker = 2. 3 g Mass of recrystallized benzoic acerb = 1. 84 g Calculations portion (%) convalescence =(weight after recrystalization)/( destiny gravelly BA) ? nose candy Percent (%) recuperation =(1. 84 g)/(2. 43 g) ? 100=75. 72% Melting Point lab Observations Once the benzoic venereal disease began to melt, it happened very quickly.It was hard was difficult to watch the melting and recording the start and end temperature. The unmannerly BA had a lower and wider melting point range. Data Melting Point Ranges RunCrude (Impure) Benzoic venereal disease (C)Purified Ben zoic Acid (C) Fast 110. 2-118. 4 at 4. 5 selectivity (Range 8. 2)115. 4-118. 5 at 4 selectivity(Range 3. ) Slow113. 2-117. 3 selectivity (Range4. 1)117. 5-120. 0 selectivity (Range 2. 5) Discussion The goal of recrystallization and determining melting point labs were to explore the techniques used to obtain pure samples from coveted compounds. after(prenominal) the extraction the goal was to recrystallize the benzoic astringent and determine the percent recovery. Then the goal was to determine the melting point range of the recrystallized benzoic unpleasant and compare it to the melting range of the small sample of the impure benzoic virulent. 1. 84 grams of pure benzoic cutting was obtained, which was calculated to be 75. 2% from the 2. 43 grams of impure benzoic pungent.The percent recovery from the impure sample shows that about three fourths of the sample was able to be collected as pure benzoic vinegarish, and that 0. 59 g of the impure benzoic bitter was impurities. From this the experimenter can infer that the pure benzoic pane accounted for most of the dope or that little benzoic acerb was lost with the removal of the impurities. Also, there is forever a chance that slightly of the benzoic acid whitethorn have remained in the solution instead of crystallizing. Also, using an ice-bath to induce nucleation could have lowered my results or recrystallization because it was the finishing resort to crystalize the solute. Maybe adding as well as oftentimes charcoal could have adsorbed some of the solute. The charcoal was used to adsorb whatever of the cellulose (which is the reason for the color) that was left behind. Not too often charcoal was actually used however, my benzoic acid solution did not have much color so charcoal may not have been needed. shade that the initial value for percent recovery is slightly less than the extracted push-down storage because of the impure benzoic acid set apart for the melting point comparison. The total melodic theme from the very first starting benzoic acid mixture is only 44. 2% (1. 84 grams / 4. 17 grams). Considering practical purposes of recrystallization, one comes to realize how important it is to make this processes as efficient as possible to maintain money and clear up as much product as possible, for example with isobutylphenyl prop bean acid purification for the pharmaceutical industry. The purity of the sample is shown by the melting range. As expected, the pure benzoic acid had the smallest melting point range of 2. 5C. From this, one can tell that this sample was not perfectly pure because pure compounds have melting point ranges of less than 1C.There may have been some impurities left in the sample since activated charcoal was not used for this sample. Human error while scraping the impure mixture from the funnel and also from the Erlenmeyer flask would result in a declined yield. Also, the nucleation may have had some impurity particles collect in the l attice when recrystallizing. afterward performing the rapid and slow experiment, the temperatures (especially for the pure BA) were not similar. This was believably collect to what is called thermometer lag. If the Mel-Temp apparatus selectivity was higher than the temperature readings were not as accurate as the slow experiment.The actual value for the melting range coincides with the literature value of 122. 4C given in the reagent table. The impure sample, however, had a significantly larger melting range of 4. 1C. Also, the impure sample had a lower temperature. This is because impurities disrupt lattice forces and decrease the energy required to break the intermolecular bonds between benzoic acid molecules. iodin way that this experiment could have been ameliorate is to have more space to perform the various stairs in the lab. A lot of the mistakes and errors committed (i. e. pillage) were due to displace of various equipment that were closely packed adjoining to each ot her. Overall, theses labs were a success be the experimenter was able to achieve the goals of each lab. The benzoic acid was able to recrystallize and the melting point was fairly close to the literature value even with possible errors performed in lab.Works Cited Wikipedia The excuse Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 22 July 2004. Thurs. 7 Oct. 2010. Zubrick, James. The Organic Chem Lab Survival Manual. 6th. Pittsburgh John Wiley & Son, Inc. , 2008. Print.Recrystallization of Benzoic AcidRecrystallization of Benzoic Acid Objective To mend benzoic acid by recrystallization and gain experience with a basic native laboratory techniques. Background Products of chemical reactions are often grime with impurities. One regularity for purifying chemicals, recrystallization, takes advantage of the differences in the solubilities of the craved products and the impurities and the tendency for the slow formation of crystals to fling impurities from the crystalline solid. HC HC HC C H C CH MgBr + CO2 + HCl HC HC HC CH C CH CO2H ClMgBrBenzoic acid, the chemical that we will be purifying, can be made by reacting phenylmagnesium bromide with carbon dioxide. When the product of that reaction is treated with hydrochloric acid, benzoic acid is formed. From the match chemical equation, it is clear that the benzoic acid will not be pure since the byproduct MgClBr, an bean solid, forms at the akin time the desired product forms. Benzoic acid can be quarantined from ionic solids because the materials have different solubilities in urine.At room temperature, benzoic acid is not particularly soluble in urine, whereas ionic solids like MgClBr are. Thus, adding weewee to the arrant(a) reaction products will dissolve the ionic solid, and nearly all of the benzoic acid will remain undissolved. If the suspension were filtered, much of the impurity would be washed external however, the resulting product wouldnt be as pure as a recrystallized product. To take advantage o f the extra purity garnered by crystallization, all of the benzoic acid must be dissolved. On the other hand, the benzoic acid needs to come prat out of solution to crystallize.Simply adding room-temperature body of urine cannot accomplish this goal once the benzoic acid is dissolved there would be no reason for it crystallize. Since benzoic acid is much more soluble in bouncy water as compared to cold, small amounts of heated water are added to dissolve the benzoic acid. If the hot, saturated, aqueous solution of benzoic acid is cooled, the solution becomes supersaturated, and the supersaturated solution crystallizes. Procedure 1. Obtain a sample of copper(II) sulfate grime benzoic acid. 2. subjoin nearly 0. g (record the actual mass) of the contaminated benzoic acid and 5 mL of water to a 25-mL Erlenmeyer flask. 3. Warm the flask and its contents on a hot cuticle and slowly add near-boiling water to dissolve the solids. 4. Continue to warm the flask and add near-boiling w ater until all of the solids have disolved 5. Remove the flask from the hot cuticle and allow it to cool slowly on the bench top. Covering the flask with a beaker can help slow the rate at which the solution cools. afterwards approximately twenty minutes, crystals will have formed. simmer down the suspension further using an ice bath. If crystals have not formed after 20 minutes, there are a few techniques that can be used to coax the crystals out of solution. Often chafe the glass container with a glass rod will induce crystallization. Alternatively, a seed crystal can be obtained by evaporating a drop of the solution on the tip of a stirring rod or spatula. Returning this seed crystal to the super saturated solution will cause crystals to form. 6. Transfer the crystals to a Hirsch funnel, and filter the benzoic acidwater suspension. . aftermath the benzoic acid crystals with ice-cold water by pouring ice-cold water over the crystals. 8. Dry the crystals on the Hirsch funnel th at is, allow the vacuum filtration system to strike air through the crystals until the mass of the crystals the Great Compromiser relatively constant. Place the benzoic acid in your gather iner and allow it to dry completely. 9. While the benzoic acid is drying, fade the water from the aqueous CuSO4 solution. Remember to add a magnetic stir except to your flask to lower the risk of spattering. 10. brand the appearance of your CuSO4, and, if possible, record the mass of the CuSO4 that you obtained. 11. After allowing the benzoic acid crystals to dry for a week, determine the mass and the melting point of the benzoic acid. Experimental Report release an experimental describing the procedure that you followed to recrystallize the benzoic acid. A first draft of the experimental is due one week after travel 110 have been completed. A final copy that includes the final mass and the melting point of the benzoic acid is due one week after step 11 is completed.Recrystallization of Ben zoic AcidRecrystallization of Benzoic Acid Objective To purify benzoic acid by recrystallization and gain experience with a basic organic laboratory techniques. Background Products of chemical reactions are often contaminated with impurities. One method for purifying chemicals, recrystallization, takes advantage of the differences in the solubilities of the desired products and the impurities and the tendency for the slow formation of crystals to take away(p) impurities from the crystalline solid. HC HC HC CH C CH MgBr + CO2 + HCl HC HC HC CH C CH CO2H ClMgBrBenzoic acid, the chemical that we will be purifying, can be made by reacting phenylmagnesium bromide with carbon dioxide. When the product of that reaction is treated with hydrochloric acid, benzoic acid is formed. From the match chemical equation, it is clear that the benzoic acid will not be pure since the byproduct MgClBr, an ionic solid, forms at the corresponding time the desired product forms. Benzoic acid can be dis jointed from ionic solids because the materials have different solubilities in water.At room temperature, benzoic acid is not particularly soluble in water, whereas ionic solids like MgClBr are. Thus, adding water to the crude reaction products will dissolve the ionic solid, and nearly all of the benzoic acid will remain undissolved. If the suspension were filtered, much of the impurity would be washed away however, the resulting product wouldnt be as pure as a recrystallized product. To take advantage of the extra purity garnered by crystallization, all of the benzoic acid must be dissolved. On the other hand, the benzoic acid needs to come back out of solution to crystallize.Simply adding room-temperature water cannot accomplish this goal once the benzoic acid is dissolved there would be no reason for it crystallize. Since benzoic acid is much more soluble in hot water as compared to cold, small amounts of hot water are added to dissolve the benzoic acid. If the hot, saturated, aq ueous solution of benzoic acid is cooled, the solution becomes supersaturated, and the supersaturated solution crystallizes. Procedure 1. Obtain a sample of copper(II) sulfate contaminated benzoic acid. 2. add up approximately 0. g (record the actual mass) of the contaminated benzoic acid and 5 mL of water to a 25-mL Erlenmeyer flask. 3. Warm the flask and its contents on a hot plate and slowly add near-boiling water to dissolve the solids. 4. Continue to warm the flask and add near-boiling water until all of the solids have disolved 5. Remove the flask from the hot plate and allow it to cool slowly on the bench top. Covering the flask with a beaker can help slow the rate at which the solution cools. After approximately twenty minutes, crystals will have formed. self-possessed the suspension further using an ice bath. If crystals have not formed after 20 minutes, there are a few techniques that can be used to coax the crystals out of solution. Often scratching the glass container w ith a glass rod will induce crystallization. Alternatively, a seed crystal can be obtained by evaporating a drop of the solution on the tip of a stirring rod or spatula. Returning this seed crystal to the super saturated solution will cause crystals to form. 6. Transfer the crystals to a Hirsch funnel, and filter the benzoic acidwater suspension. . purify the benzoic acid crystals with ice-cold water by pouring ice-cold water over the crystals. 8. Dry the crystals on the Hirsch funnel that is, allow the vacuum filtration system to draw air through the crystals until the mass of the crystals mud relatively constant. Place the benzoic acid in your drawer and allow it to dry completely. 9. While the benzoic acid is drying, meld the water from the aqueous CuSO4 solution. Remember to add a magnetic stir barrier to your flask to lower the risk of spattering. 10.Note the appearance of your CuSO4, and, if possible, record the mass of the CuSO4 that you obtained. 11. After allowing the b enzoic acid crystals to dry for a week, determine the mass and the melting point of the benzoic acid. Experimental Report economize an experimental describing the procedure that you followed to recrystallize the benzoic acid. A first draft of the experimental is due one week after steps 110 have been completed. A final copy that includes the final mass and the melting point of the benzoic acid is due one week after step 11 is completed.